Different lan Technologies

Different local area profits Technologies1. AIMTo show or so un exchangeable lan technologies and to design a network based on these lan technologies and to simulate these networks by a simulation tool know as opnet and by putting diametrical make fulls on these networks and to study the feat of these networks.2. OverviewLocal area networks (LAN) are a group of devices which communicate with severally other in a small geo interpretical area equivalent within a room or within a building. on that point are diametric topologies in LAN which are designed agree to usage, cost, amount of work flow. The different topologies are star topographic anatomy, bus topology (Ethernet), ring topology, FDDI.The main aim of this project is to design network and equality different lan topologies and to simulate these networks by putting different network loads and to analyse how these networks behave to the different traffic loads and by running the simulation for a long time. Analyse the results and then to influence which topology is the best.This project has been suggested by Dr Diane Gan.This project meets the guidelines of the Masters project and the requirements of the course of study that i am studying and as i will be able to design an network and simulate it using opnet and to vary the traffic load and to analyse the result of the simulation and to decide which network topology is the best and efficient.After completion of the project i would be in a situation to tell about different parameters of the network give care delays, packet inter arrival time, link utilisation, packet loss.3. ObjectivesLiterature review of different LAN topologiesTo design different LAN topologiesSimulate different LAN topologies by varying the traffic loads say about 20%, 40%,70%,80%Analyse the quality of service (QOS) when an particular load is applied.To compare and analyse the results based on these simulationsTo decide which topology would be the best, looking at the result s of the simulations and to suggest which topology would be better.How the objectives will be achievedResearch on different networking books and different publications like IEEE, ACM etc.To learn to use opnet.Using opnet to design different LAN networks.To simulate these networks with different traffic loads like database traffic, ftp traffic, email traffic, web surfing, voip, delineation streaming, printing.To collect and put the result of these simulations on spreadsheet and to analyze the results.To check the results like loads at servers, packets loss, packets delivery time, utilization of the links.To plot the results on graphTo decide which network topology is the best based on the results.4. ResourcesTo nail this project i would requireOpnet ModelerA computer with mellow configuration so that i could store the network models and the simulations.6. Initial References ready reckoner networks- Andrew S. Tanenbaum Pearson education international, 2003Network simulations with OP NET by Xinjie Chang, Winter Simulation Conference, Proceedings of the thirty-first conference on Winter simulation Simulationa bridge to the future, Phoenix, Arizona, United States 1999

Review of Binding Updates Security in MIPv6

Review of medical dressing Updates guarantor in MIPv6Avishek Dutta Vikram Raju R. abstract entity Mobile Nodes (MN) in Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) argon given the opportunity to reach triangle routing that is inefficient with their own corresponding node (CN) utilize driveway Optimization (RO). This greatly improves the performance of the electronic network. Unfortunately, using this mode acting wholeows several protective cover vulnerabilities to manifest itself with the MIPv6. Among those, harsh issues atomic number 18 those concerns the verification of au soticity and authorization of Binding Updates during the process of RO. These signs of unauthenticated and unauthorized BUs are the unwrap to various symbols of malevolent attacks. Since it is expected that MIPv6 testament be supported by IPv6, several instrument to ensure BU security will be crucial in the undermentioned generation Internet. This article focuses on Mobile IPv6 and security considerations.Keywords/In dex barrierIKE, Mobile IPv6, Network Security, Potential threats in MIPv6I. IntroductionThe way MIPv6 operates bay window be seen in Figure 1 1, with 3 node types, viz. the Home Agent (HA), Mobile Node (MN) and the Corresponding Node (CN) 2, era MNs mobility is detected by a router advertisement pass on including an MN able to make a router send its advertisement means by request, if needed. Following mobility detection, the MN gets a CoA un exchangeable in MIPv4, subsequently which it sends the BU substance to the HA and the communicated corresponding node (a node wishing to fall in to, or is communicating with MN). The HA and corresponding node update the top list and send ack without delayledgement depicted objects 1, meaning that the Mobile IPv6 allows an MN to shorten its attachment point to the internet spot maintaining established communications 3. This story pre displaces an analysis of both Route Optimisation (RO) and Identity Based encoding (IBE) communicat ions protocol with proposal to strengthen the level of security of a BU method. This method uses the earth key to create an trademark that is stronger.II. MN-HA hallmarkMutual earmark amongst an MN and its HA is mandatory in MIPv6, and usually performed with IPSec and IKE, while session key generation and documentation are done with IKE. apply X.509 certificates in IKE is the existing method of performing these tasks.The MN moves to a unusual network and obtains a modern CoA.MN carries out a BU on its HA (where the juvenile CoA is registered). HA sends a admiting acknowledgement to MN.A Correspondent Node (CN) tries to contact MN, with HA intercepting megabuckss destined to MN.Next, HA tunnels all computer softwares from CN to MN using MNs CoA.When MN replies to the CN, it may use its current CoA (and bind to the CN) and communicate with the CN directly (route optimization), or it could tunnel all its computer softwares through the HA.Sometimes MN and HA share a common secret, possibly occurring in WLAN instances when MN shifts to a nonher WLAN which requires authentication 4. If there are no shared secrets, extending the IKEv2 authentication process to individuation-based authentication as opposed to X.509-based authentication certificates is usual. It basin also be fancied that both MN and HA use the same PKG, and according to the kin between these three entities, each trust level from I to collar may be applied during private key delivery. Regarding IKE, two main methods of implementing IBE exist, the graduation exercise of which involves modifying IKEs four-way handshake while the second utilizes EAP to generate a youthful IBE-based EAP authentication method 4.A. Modifying IKEIKE could implement IBE through the addition of a third authentication method, other than the previous shared secret and X.509 authentication. quite of X.509 certificates, IKE also uses IBE certificates. IBE-based authentication perishs fundamentally the same as X.509 authentication, in that to authenticate peers the same information block should be signed as in the X.509-based authentication, in addition to a signature based on IBE (i.e. the Hess signature). Currently, identities are replacing certificates and revocation lists do non need to be checked. Ehmke (2007) enforced a prototype which batch realize this idea. Performance wise, clearly publicize certificates or certificate requests are no longer necessary since the IKE identity lowlife be employ straight as the public key for authentication. Also, expensive certificate-chain checking is redundant while elliptic curve cryptography-based hardware- accelerated IBE algorithmic rules are sometimes quite efficient, particularly in embedded devices 4.B. extensible Authentication protocolSeveral wireless networks utilize the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) 5 for access authentication. EAP techniques commonly deal with AAA servers which affect the required authentication s, aft(prenominal) which notifications are relayed back to a functional module (Network Access Server) in the access network. For Mobile IPv6 6, the Binding Authentication Data option 7 helps enable antithetical authentication techniques, while a subtype exists for AAA- based authentication like EAP. On the other hand, there still are EAP methods requiring extra intervention and specifications which present Binding Authentication Data option documentation does not provide. Currently, specification from this document is for at least some very wide deployed EAP methods, so, often, when EAP is needed, Mobile IPv6 tunnel redirection to a wireless devices new CoA finish be done much faster 8-10.C. Using Extensible Authentication ProtocolFigure 2 illustrates possible step in EAP implementation. It is advisable to use EAP as part when establishing a concurrent shared key to be used in the final two centre exchanges leading to authentication 4. Chen and Kudlas key agreement with IBE t echnique is one alternative protocol (protocol 2 in 11) that can function in the absence of a key escrow, so CERTREQ and CERT messages in steps 2, 3, 4 are not necessary (Figure. 2). Figure 3 illustrates the resulting IKE sign Message exchange.1. I _ R HDR, SAi1, KEi, Ni2. R _ I HDR, SAr1, KEr, Nr, CERTREQ3. I _ R HDR, ESKIDi,CERTREQ,IDr,SAi2,TSi,TSr4. R _ I HDR, ESKIDr,CERT,AUTH,EAP5. I _ R HDR, ESKEAP6. R _ I HDR, ESKEAP.. n. R _ I HDR, ESKEAP(success)n+1. I _ R HDR, ESKAUTHn+2. R _ I HDR, ESKAUTH,SAr2,TSi,TSrFig 2. IKE Initial Message Exchange Authentication using EAP 12.Here, the same PKG is shared by MN and HA, where P is a public PKG parameter, and HA and MN choose the random numbers a and b, respectively. The Chen-Kudla protocol produces a session key solely for message 7 and 8authentication. The AUTH payloads have to authenticatemessages 3 and 4 based on macintosh and a secret key generatedby an EAP protocol 11.1. MN _ HA HDR, SAMN1, KEMN, NMN2. HA _ MN HDR, SAHA1, KEHA, NHA3. MN _ HA HDR, ESKIDMN,IDHA,SAMN2,TSMN,TSHA4. HA _ MN HDR,ESKIDHA,AUTH,EAP_CK_Req(aP,aQHA)5. MN _ HA HDR, ESKEAP_CK_Res(bP,bQMN)6. HA _ MN HDR, ESKEAP(success)7. MN _ HA HDR, ESKAUTH8. HA _ MN HDR, ESKAUTH,SAHA2,TSMN,TSHAFig 3. IKE Initial Message Exchange EAP with IBE Authentication 12.But since IBE uses PKG, it is about impossible to guesswhich MN will be communicated by the CN. We cannot evidently assume the same PKG is used by both MN andCN. Multi-PKG is used instead entirely it is not recommended forlarger networks.III. MN-CN AuthenticationVia the MIPv6 protocol, MN can keep its network confederation even when the network attachment modifies13. An MN can be reached at its dwelling house address (HA)anytime, even when not physically in its infrastructure network.When an MN is connected to a international network it obtains aCoA from the local router through stateless or statefulautoconfiguration. Next, for dwelling r egistra tion, the MNsends HA its current location in formation (CoA) in a BUmessage, then HA can redirect and tunnel packets intended.for the MNs home address, to the MNs CoA. When aforeign network MN is in contact with a CN (a stationaryor busy peer communicating with a MN) through theHA, bidirectional tunnelling takes place for instances whenCN is not bound to the MN (registration is in progress) orMIPv6 is not supported by CN 4.If the CN supports MIPv6, a more effective mobilerouting technique, Route Optimization (RO), can be used.RO is effective as it provides the most direct, shortest pathof transmitting messages between an MN and a CN,eliminating the need for packets to pass through the HA, andavoiding triangular routing (bidirectional tunnelling). frontto setting up RO, the MN must send CN a BU packetcontaining its CoA with present location data. On theother hand, security risks with RO 14 can be for examplethat an MN may send CN a false BU packet and redirectthe communication stream to a desired location, resulting ina Denia l-of-Service (DoS) attack. Thus, for increasedsecurity, it is important to authenticate BUs in RO 4 15.What happens between a CN and MN is not the same asbetween an MN and its HA. Since CN could be any node,MN and CN have no shared secrets or trust certificates.Thus, Return Routability (RR) can be used, as An MN sends CN a home test init (HoTi) andcare-of test init (CoTi). HoTi is sent directlythrough the HA and CoTi. HoTi has the homeaddress and CoTi has the CoA as computer address addresses,both including a cookie. Upon receiving either HoTi or CoTi message,CN immediately answers with a home test (HoT)and care- of test (CoT) message which gets sent tothe respective source address. Each reply containsthe cookie recovered from the time being indenx,corresponding init message, and a keygen token,later for BU authentication use.When MN receives HoT and CoT, RR is done. merelyMN can receive packets sent to both its HA and CoA, andcan now hash the two tokens to calculate the binding key.This key is utilise for generating a Message AuthenticationCode (MAC) for BUs, and MAC can be verified by CN.RR provides an analysis of a nodes reach-ability duringauthentication but do not validate address ownership in IPv6.IV. MIPv6 Security depth psychologyProviding security against different types of maliciousattacks e.g. denial of service (DoS), connection hijacking,man- in-the-middle and impersonation, are the basicobjectives for the development of IPv6. The objective ofimproved security is to create routing changes that are safeagainst all threats. Threats are based on the routing changesthat provides mobility in the network. Threats confront byMobile IPv6 security can be divided into different categories__ Binding update (BU) to HA type threats__ Route Optimisation to CN type threats__ Threats that attack the tunnelling process betweenHA and MN__ Threats that uses Mobile IPv6 routing coping toreturn traffic of other nodesBinding update and route optimization threats a re relatedto authentication of binding messages. Communicationbetween MN and HA needs trust and communicationauthentication. This is because MN agrees to implement theHA services therefore relationship between the two mustfirst be inviolate. However, the CN and MN does not haveprior relationship but authenticating messages between thetwo is still possible. For example, this is possible byauthenticating the public key. If a malicious packet is sent tothe HA using the same source address as the MN, the HAwill then forward the packet containing the MNs sourceaddress contained in the malicious node. However, this DoSattack can be prevented by using an algorithm to verify theBU message receives by the HA. Such threat can also beavoided when a new routing header is used to replaces theincorrect header that manoeuvres around firewall rules andobtaining a laboured address 16, 17.V. Proposed Protection of BU MessageCorresponding Author XYZ, emailprotectedOnce the BU message is complete, th e MN will receivenormal traffic from the CN with the new CoA. The CNwith the new nonce sends to the MN a Binding UpdateVerification (BUV) inwardly a specific time frame e.g. 10seconds. The MN then needs to reply within 10 secondsotherwise the connection between MN and CN will beterminated. This method minimises any damages caused bybombing attacks where packets are sent to the MN bymalicious nodes. cryptogram Generated Address (CGA)can also be use to make spoofing type attacks more harder.Private keys can be use to signed the message as well. Sinceredirection attacks requires both public and private keys toperform18-20. Possible threats and solution is listed intable 1 4, 17.VI. ConclusionThe requirement for Mobile IPv6 is still not completeconsidering there are some essential issues that are notaddressed. One of the most important issues are protocolsecurity because without secure guard againstattacks, the protocol would not be accepted thus will notwork at all. Presently, the s tandard method use for BUprotection in transport mode as well as securing theconnection for control message sent during home registrationmethod is the Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP). IPSechas several advantages over SSL/TLS which is IPSeccan perform without IP restriction, any protocol can beencrypted and also encrypt any packets with moreover their IPheaders. Unfortunately, IPSec needs to be configured withvarious settings thus reservation it complicated. The IKEprotocol can control the mutual authentication andcryptographic algorithm negotiations as well as dynamickey management. Additionally, authentication method suchas shared secret, Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)or X.509 certificates can be use to create safe communicationbetween peers.References/BibliographyG. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955.J. Clerk Maxw ell, A Treatise on electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73.I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy, in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350.K. Elissa, title of respect of paper if known, unpublished.R. Nicole, Title of paper with only first word capitalized, J. remark Stand. Abbrev., in press.Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface, IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, dire 1987 Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301-305, 1982.M. Young, The Technical Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA University Science, 1989.Electronic yield Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)D. Kornack and P. Rakic, Cell Proliferation without Neurogenesis in Adult Primate Neocortex, Science, vol. 294, Dec. 2001, pp. 2127-2130, inside10.1126/science.1065467. (Article in a jou rnal)H. Goto, Y. Hasegawa, and M. Tanaka, Efficient Scheduling Focusing on the wave-particle duality of MPL Representatives, Proc. IEEE Symp. Computational Intelligence in Scheduling (SCIS 07), IEEE Press, Dec. 2007, pp. 57-64, doi10.1109/SCIS.2007.357670. (Article in a conference proceedings)AUTHORS PROFILETaro Denshi received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical engineer from Shibaura Institute of Technology in 1997 and 1999, respectively. During 1997-1999, he stayed in Communications interrogation Laboratory (CRL), Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan to study digital beam forming antennas, mobile beam communication systems, and wireless access network using stratospheric platforms. He now with DDI Tokyo Pocket Telephone, Inc.

Can Sustainable Development Address The North South Divide Politics Essay

Can Sustainable Development Address The labor union confederation Divide Politics Es governThe northernmost-South single out, is a serious thing that necessitates to be addressed, it can besides be seen as a critical factor for achieving ball-shaped sustain efficacy. During the course of this text, key ideas and indispensable processs related to this issue, closure be considered. Sustainable culture and the congluti country-South drainage atomic number 18a ordain be introduced, followed by an overview and discussion of the billet and status quo. The divide and its solution depart be summa reard and the text entrust conclude, with my perspective on the issue.WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?The say sustainable retrieves to sustain, to keep from failing during stress or difficulty. Therefore, an action can be considered sustainable, if it has the capacity to sustain. So what does this mean for our society? plain speaking, any instance were actions as a result of ou r survival, sustain, leave inherent or protect the environment, from the stress of our existence within it, can be considered to be sustainable. The most commonly recognised threat, albeit debatable by some, is the adjoin of mood replace on the environment (Carter, 2001). This and a nonher(prenominal) environmental problems much(prenominal) as biodiversity and over outgo, open resulted in sustainable education becoming a prominent and central issue in international politics (Carter, 2001).The ability of the present generation to resonate its necessitys without chthonicmining the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Carter, 2001)The definition of sustainable information quoted from Carter (2001), arose to suggest that, it is possible to set out economic development and protect the environment at the same time. The definition above is as abigious as the theory, which is quench being debated. Notwithstanding, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD ) was farmd in 1992, to oversee and implement the concept in different count onries (Carter, 2001). Sustainable development, gives priority to the worlds poor some(prenominal) in the conglutination and in the South, providing the opportunity to live a good life to alone. It as well recognises, the need to moderate our demand on resources, from the enviornment (Carter, 2001).THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDEThe International pecuniary livestock (IMF), was developed to reach a destruction of an internationally managed parsimony. However, the shop is much smaller than the original proposed in 1942, by Keynes and together with the man Bank, it served to aid primarily the global northwestward (Raffer and Singer, 2001). The current dust is an incomplete version of the Bretton woods system, lacking Keynes International Trade Organisation (ITO), among other pillars of support. The general idea of the system, was to sustain the economy and pr blusht another wide depression, both in the global northern and South (Raffer and Singer, 2001). In addition, the system intended for the IMF and the creation Bank to be agencies of the United Nations (UN), guided by the UN General Assembly and the UN Economic and Social Council, to achieve its goal. As a result of the in work out system being modified and implemented to suit, countries in the global south experienced balance of payments crisis and the consequent debt crisis (Raffer and Singer, 2001). However, it leftover sacrosanct and in some elusions fuelled the harvest-tide of economies in the North, driving a dyed development. The quote below, pulls into perspective the current issue and the reason for a need of consensus amongst the North and South, bridging the divide on the issue of climate metamorphose palliation.For the next decades, we are locked-in to an unavoidable rise in global mean temperatures by virtue of our past discharges, due to factors such as the banging thermal inertia of the earths ocean s. This is un likely to pass wihtout creating serious climate hazards () under(a)(a) BaU conditions the number of people affected by weather related disasters in 2030 would be somewhere between 220 and 860 million in the worst case () (Muller, 2002)During the percieved economic growth, globalisation and the IT revolution, swept the world. This wave created a division between the countries that, successfully took advantage of the revolution and those that did/could not (Kawaguchi, 2002). Taking advantage of the scenario, the subsequent economic growth that followed in the North -which was trainn by dodo fuel- further widened the economic divide between the North and the South (Koehn, 2004). This divide and the following growth and development experienced by the North, can be seen as a catalyst or root cause, of the current North-South divide on the climate issue.The divide between the North and South on the issue of mitigating global climate diversity has been confirmed, it wa s stated that the most grave issue for ontogenesis countries (the global South) is the dissproportionate gentle squeeze burden, which has until recently for the most part been ignored by the North (Muller, 2002). For example, consider for a moment the order of business for emissions mitigation, which has been firmly set by the industrialised world (Muller, 2002). This agenda, places disportionate burden on countries slightly the world. Especially those that cannot afford it and those more(prenominal) concerned with other present(prenominal) issues (Evans, 2009).The nature of the climate change equity problem, clarifies the stance both North and South side take, in dealing with the current climate crisis. In the North, it is regarded as a need to allocate emission mitigation targets, enchantment in the South it is regarded as a need to assign right for and the sharing of climate impact burdens (Muller, 2002). In addition, it is the perspective of the South, that the ends f or reductions in emissions do not account for disporportionate historical contributions of developed countries. Further adding, that the in pith the structural inequities embedded in the current international economic order, lead been extended (Koehn, 2004 Evans, 2009). The Norths response to this perspective, is to disregard historical contributions and system inequities, guidancesing or else on gross emissions and future projections (Koehn, 2004). The reason for this is that, climate change in the eyes of the North is seen as a problem of polluting the environment and eyepatch impacts on merciful upbeat are regarded as potentially life-style-threatening, they are seen to be deserved (Muller, 2002). This presents an overriding moral purpose of environmental integrity. To put it plainly, in that respect is the exactance of pollution from industralisation, being the cause of the climate crisis. However, in that respect is also denial of the disproportionate nature of the p roposed solution, resultant burden and welfare issues relevance. In the South however, the situation is very different (Muller, 2002). Climate change is seen as a human welfare problem, with the people as its peak victims. In addition, there is also the issue of equity between the human culprits and the human victims (Muller, 2002).There is compelling evidence that human-induced climate change is thaw the earths atmosphere. The global heat poses a threat to ecological sustainability in the North and South (Koehn, 2004 Evans, 2009). In higher lattitudes this will cause rising sea levels and increase the likelihood of natural disasters, as well as increase the vulnerability of human populations (Koehn, 2004). This presents a scenario of the inevitibility of climate change impact and its associated burdens, both in the global North and the global South. As an obvious consequence, there is the need to make ready and present innovative and effective solutions by the collective nations, for climate change impacts in the near and medium-term. This will furnish the oppourtunity to mitigate and reduce the necessary impact, in the North and in the South (Evans, 2009). The report, Bridging the Divide Redressing The Balance, argues that we have reached a point where we must face the inevitability and begin to prepare disaster responses (Muller, 2002).Notwithstanding, there are nations that are still in disagreement. Gurdial Singh Nijar who represented the Asia-Pacific group, says that without fair and equitable access and benefit-sharing (ABS) protocol, there will be no agreement. Leahy (2010) in his press release goes on to say that, there is concensus that countries, which supply valuable resources to the industrial world should be compensated. However, the situation may not be as straight forward as it seems, since the national representatives have been undergoing complex negotiations for six years (Leahy, 2010). So far, the negotiations have played along the tradit ional North-South divide, posing the danger of turning them into a sort of collective bargaining. Furthermore, as a result of current rise in economies of some developing countries, this approach has become obselete (Kawaguchi, 2002). To put it all more simply, the problem is the inability to agree on a soltuion, for the inevitable unfair distribution of climate impact burdens (Muller, 2002).In one of the preparotory sessions, a indicate from the North and one from the South were discussing the form of the Charter. The Northern representative offered that the Charter should be a short, poetic statement that could be reproduced on posters () on the walls of childrens bedrooms () as a message of inspiration () The grey delegate responded that most children in the South do not have their hold bedrooms and many of them are futile to read. (Wapner, 2003)THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT IN BRIEFThe World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg supported the sustainable development concept, which suggests that the environment can be cherished without sacrificing economic growth, oddly in southern (developing) countries (Kawaguchi, 2002). In addition the summit recognized that pauperisation alleviation cannot come by safeguarding the natural environment alone, but requires actively intervening in the economic system. Futhermore, this can be best achieved, by rigorously considering networks and partnership models of economic development, which are linked to empowerment drivers (Kawaguchi, 2002). The WSSD also recongnises, that access to natural resources plays a major component part in development, piece in developing countries it also under pins Gross Domestic intersection point (GDP) (Petrie, 2007). A key contribution of the WSSD, was to establish partnerships. Thereby, translating overall principles into hands-on actions, towards adressing circumstantial challenges of sustainable development (Wapner, 2003).It is the perception, that sustaina ble development has failed to bring together the North and the South. As a result, a lot of effort has gone into modifying the concept, so that it can meet interests of both sides (Wapner, 2003). One example of such efforts, is Kawaguchi (2002) proposal of the concept of global sharing, which encourages the sharing of strategies, responsibilities, experiences and information.I understand the importance of fogy fuels to the American people. Dick Cheney understands that. The president understands that Frederick D. Palmer, Executive Vice President for jural and External Affairs at Peabody (Koehn, 2004)A SOLUTION IN mussiness?The UN says that without an ABS (access and benefit-sharing) agreement, countries have shut down their genetic resources. As a result, a species of fly attacking mango populations in Kenya, cannot be properly controlled since the flys natural predator in Asia cannot be obtained (Leahy, 2010). The solution to a problem of this order of magnitude is not simple, m ade harder still by the lack of sufficient hands-on action to mitgate the threat. Although, there are some schemes, strategies and innitiatives, these should not wrongly be seen as being able to sufficiently sustain the weight of the climate change impact. The task is still very much incomplete, after all, the goal is to create a system that will sustain us (and the environment) with the climate threat. For that to happen, action must be taken. Actions like a complete UN inspired by Keynes or actions like bridging the divide between the North and the South.There have been a few attempts in the past to bridge over the divide. The first was a Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism, which was based on the concept that transferring clean technologies to other nations, towards reducing green house gas (GHG) emisssions, could count towards obligations of the nations suppling the technology. The JI mechanism was meant to lower the compliance costs for Northern nations under the Kyoto protoc ol (Evans, 2009). To the South, this is slide byly biased as the benefits will almost for certain make pass soley in the North, giving Northern nations the oppourtunity to force weaker nations to meet obligations for them. In the end JI was incorporated as a mechanism use amongst Northern nations (Evans, 2009). The second attempt, dubbed the Brazilian proposal was the Clean Development Fund (CDF), designed to provide financing for emissions mitigations projects in Southern nations (Evans, 2009). This would be through with(p) by allocating funds collected from Northern nations, who failed to meet their Kyoto requirements. However, Northern nation opposed this structure arguing that it is politically toxic, going on to create a more positive cooperative mechanism. This is how the Clean Development machine (CDM) came to be (Evans, 2009).Kyoto protocols Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), is currently the only insurance initiative linking developing nations emissions to internationa l cooperative efforts on climate change. It has been hailed as the grand compromise of the North-South divide over climate change mitigation (Evans, 2009). CDM is a market based mechanism, which allows Northern nations with binding emissions reduction commitments under the Kyoto protocol, to earn credits towards meeting their commitments. They do so by implementing emission reduction projects in Southern nations, where it is most cost effective. Southern nations in exchange, gain from the transfer of project related sustainable development benefits (Evans, 2009). However, what a benefit is in terms of sustainable development under CDM is left undefined, creating vagueness and subsequent conflict of interests.As a result, Southern nations place more emphasis on the development aspect of susatianable development, while the North tends to focus more on the GHG related definition of sustainability when assessing the benefits of CDM (Evans, 2009). This serves to drive continued tautness over the issues of compensation for historical debt and equity of the South, and the Northern proirities of cost- susceptibility and free markets, even with CDM in place (Evans, 2009). It is also thought that instead of facilitating enviornmentally sustainable development efforts in Southern nations, CDM can deter them from pursuing sustainable development paths, as doing so would decrease their ability to attract CDM investment in the future (Evans, 2009).The current means of evaluating the efficiency of CDM is synonymous with cost-effectiveness, however CDM is not meant to just facilitate low-cost emissions reductions. Rather it is designed to engage Southern nations in the global effort to reduce emissions (Evans, 2009). As a result it is more important to focus on factors of the mechanism that concern the South. The efficiency therefore should be, synonymous instead with mitigating the North-South divide, towards reconciling the interests of both sides. Despite the existsence o f North-South cooperation in CDM today, the divide nonetheless spreads throughout the mechanism, resulting in divergent demands and expectations based on different priorities and perceptions of what the CDM should offer (Evans, 2009).The earth is a complex geo-biochemical entity whose precise functioning, as well as the complex interactions that occur among its myriad elements, we are tho to understand fully. Its fragile self-regenerative systems (e.g. the carbon cycle) have limited capacity for treat anthropogenic environmental contamination () the excess accumulates to disrupt or hinder the systems themselves () this is the main reason for the mounting environmental predicament confronting us today. (Nath, 2004) unity WORLD INTRICATELY CONNECTEDUnder the current regime, the old has been inclined and the North no longer only care about the environment, neither do the South only care about development, both unable to concieve of one factor deviod of the other (Wapner, 2003). How ever, Northern governments are letting fall environment issues in favour of economic development (Wapner, 2003). The UNFCCC says that, developing countries will play a significant role in determining the success of multilateral climate change regime. It is accepted that there is a need for increasing attention towards accomodating Southern interests in the CDM specifically (Muller, 2002 Evans, 2009).The economy has been seen to drive growth and development. However, it is also the problem and the best solution towards our survival, is to embrace growth via knowledge and science. It will be necessary to abandon the driving somebody of the economic bottom-line, as well as the excessive consumption of our resources, differently our survival is forfiet. The brundtland report stated that, the adoption of less-consumptive and less-polluting life-styles, is required to progress towards global sustainability (Nath, 2004). However, since the rich and powerful are as unlikely to renounce th eir wealth, as the poor are unlikely to rein in their developments towards a soften life, there is a fundamental problem.Ideas in the North, like sustainable consumption a concept which provided policies and strategies in the Netherlands, to curb levels of consumption, attempt to reduce the nations impact on the environment (Spaargaren and Martens, 2005). On the other hand, even though the role of the resources sector in sustainable development is disconnected from the social framework of life in the developed world, it is seen as the lifeblood of the economy in developing countries (Petrie, 2007). Once again the bottom line inhibits our progress and survival, it is not the economy or planet that needs saving, it is us. Although they are important, if we are not around to support the economy it will crash and the planet, well it will abide whether we do or not. Our prime directive in this crisis should be human welfare and welfare growth/development charity they say begins at home .You Americans raped your environment in order to develop your country and instal your standard of living. Now we Jamaicans reserve the right to do the same. Jamaican decreed (Evans, 2009)CONCLUSIONIt is reasonable to conclude that an abandonment of market mechanisms may be necessary to facilitate the substantive perticipation of Southern nations in global emissions temporary removal efforts which is required by the severity of the climate crisis. After all, a crisis of this magnitude will undoubtedly drain the piggy bank, those who do survive will be more valuable than abstract numbers and values, especially when it comes to rebuilding. Therefore, it is imperitive we accept that, protecting the economy in favour of the environment and/or human welfare is detrimental to our survival.It is clear that the crisis is inevitable just as it is clear that we are entangled with the fate of the planet, for better or worse. Where sustainable development has failed CDM seems to fair better , even though it too has not completely work the problem. The solution does not lie solely in the realm of polity but also in the state of mind of the people. Just like a train changes from a dead end track to a clear one, so also do we need a change of paradigm. In addition, science, knowledge and a true, unified UN will be indispensible tools in our efforts. Furthermore, these tools will aid to bridge the Nouth-South divide on the climate issue, put both sides on the same page.

Dreams In Aboriginal Beliefs

Dreams In primary BeliefsLike other religions, primal belief includes when things were created. They rec tout ensemble that their hereditary Beings created terra firma forms and animals plants. The aboriginal word for this first appearance Period varies according to each linguistic region through come forth Australia. primeval citizenry often interpret dreams as being the memory of things that happened in this creative activity Period. Dreams are primal to native Australian stack as it is a time when they are transformed back to their ancestral time. This connection of dreams to to the base Period has led to the commonly used term The Dreamtime to describe the time of creation in Aboriginal religion. The Dreamtime does not mean that a mortal is dreaming but it is a reference to the Creation Period.Definition of dreamThe Dreamtime, or the pipe dream as it is roughtimes referred to as, has no beginning or end but links the past with the present to determine the fut ure. aspiration stories explain the truth from the past together with a Code of rectitude for the present. The Dreaming or Tjukurrpa also means to fulfil and understand the jurisprudence as translated from the Arrernte language. Dreaming stories pass on authorized screwledge, cultural set and belief systems to later generations. Aborigines have maintained a link with the Dreaming from ancient times by expressing dreaming stories through song, dance, painting and tommyrot telling.Every incision of Aboriginal culture is full of legends and beings associated with the Dreamtime. severally sept has many stories, often containing a moral or a lesson to be learned, rough duties, animals, plants and other beings. These stories are told to children, talked some campfires, and are sung and acted out during ceremonies.The Dreaming means our identity as people. The cultural teaching and everything thats part of our lives here you know? .. its the understanding of what we have aroun d us. (Merv Penrith Elder, Wallaga Lake, 1996)Today we know where the Ancestral Beings have been and where they came to rest. The Dreaming explains how people came to Australia and the links between the groups end-to-end Australia.Connection between Dreaming, state and IdentityIn essence, the Dreaming comes from the land. In Aboriginal society people do not own land but rather the land is part of them and it is their duty to respect and olfactory modality after the land. The Dreaming did not cease when the Europeans arrived in Australia but exclusively entered a different phase.Dreaming stories connect theories of occupation to the Aborigines close kindred with the land. This is often described by Aboriginal people when they talk about the land as my Mother. Aboriginal people believe that the same hard drink who created the land, sea, piss charges and flavour are involved with the conception and birth of a child. thither is a direct link between Ancestral Beings and invigor ation.Land is important to the well-being of Aboriginal people. For Aborigines the land is not just rocks or modify or minerals but it is the whole environment that sustains the people and is sustained by the people and culture. For Aboriginal people the land is the centre of all temperamentuality. This race between the land and the people continues to be central to the issues that are important to Aboriginal people today.Australian Aborigines were originally hunters and gathers with each clan or tribe having its own territory from which they gathered all they needed to live. These territories or traditional lands were contained by geographic boundaries such(prenominal) as rivers, lakes and mountains. Aboriginal people understood and cared for the different environments and adapted to them.Example of a Dreaming Creation report and signifi crapperce to Aboriginal peopleOnce the Ancestor Beings had created the ground they changed the stars, rocks, watering holes and other object s into sacred come out of the closets. These sacred places have special properties. The Ancestral Beings did not disappear at the end of the Dreaming but, according to Aboriginal belief, they remained in these sacred places. This concept of the presence of the Ancestral Beings with the land reinforces the sentiment that the Dreaming is never ending and links the past and the present, the people and the land.Our story is in the land . it is written in those sacred places . My children will encounter after those places. Thats the practice of law. (Bill Neidjie, Kakadu Elder)The Creation or Dreaming stories, which relate the travels of the spiritual ancestors, are integral to Aboriginal spirituality. Mens and womens stories are often separated in Aboriginal culture. Knowledge of the law and Dreaming stories is passed on at different periods of life for Aboriginal people. The serpent as a Creation Being is maybe the oldest continuing religious belief in the world. It dates back sev eral special K years. The Rainbow ophidian is part of Dreamtime stories of many Aboriginal nations and is always linked with watercourses such as billabongs, rivers, creeks and lagoons. The Rainbow Serpent is the protector of the land, its people and the source of all life. However, the Rainbow Serpent can also be a force that destroys if it is not respected.The close to common version of the Rainbow Serpent story relates that during the Dreaming the world was flat, crude(a) and cold. The Rainbow Serpent slept under the ground with all the animals tribes in her belly time lag to be born. When the time came she pushed up and called all the animals to come from their sleep. She pushed the land out, reservation rivers and lakes. She made the sun, the fire and all the colours.The Gagudju people believe the Rainbow Serpent was called Almudji and was a major creature being. It made passages through rocks and created waterholes. Today they believe, Almudji is still a creator as it br ings the wet season each year. This causes all forms of life to multiply and it appears in the sky as a rainbow. However, they also believe that Almudji is also to be feared as he can punish any cardinal who breaks the law by drowning them in floods. The Gagudju people still believe that Almudji lives in a pool under a waterfall.The Jowoyn people of the Katherine Gorge area of the Union Territory relate how the Rainbow Serpent slept under the ground until she awoke in the Dreaming. She pushed her way to the surface and travelled the land, sleeping when she was tired. She left behind her winding tracks and the take form of her sleeping body on the ground. When she had finished travelling the earth she returned and called all the frogs to come out but they were slow because their bellies were full of water. The Rainbow Serpent tickled their bellies and when they laughed, water flowed out their mouths and filled the tracks and fixs left by the Rainbow Serpent, so creating rivers an d lakes. This woke all the animals and plants who thusly followed the Rainbow Serpent across the land.Traditional Aboriginal rituals and significance of these to Aboriginal peopleCeremonial ceremonies are seen as the core of cultural life for Aboriginal people. Small ceremonies, or rituals, are still practised in close to remote areas of Australia. These rituals take the form of chanting, singing, dancing or ritual put through to ask the Ancestral Beings to ensure a good supply of viands or rain.The most important ceremonies are connected to initiation of boys and girls into adulthood. These ceremonies can last for weeks with nightly singing and dancing, story telling and use of body decorations and ceremonial objects. During the ceremonies, songs and dances about Ancestral Beings are told. Some of these are for women and children to see and hear while others are restricted just to initiates to learn.Another important ritual is on the death of a person. Aboriginal people deal t heir bodies with white paint, cut themselves to show sorrow for the loss of their loved one and take part in a number of rituals, songs and dances to help the persons spirit leave and return to its birth place where it can be reborn. interment rites differ throughout Australia. People are buried in separate of southern and central Australia but have a different sepulcher in northern Australia. In northern Australia a burial has 2 stages with each accompanied by ritual and ceremony. The primary burial takes place when the body is placed on a raised wooden platform, cover with leaves and branches and left for several months so the flesh rots from the swot up. The secondary burial occurs when the bones are collected, painted with red ochre and then scattered in different ways. Sometimes a relative will carry some of the bones with them for a year or more. Sometimes they are engrossed in paperbark and placed in a cave. In parts of Arnhem Land the bones are placed in a large hollow log and left in the bush.ConclusionAll parts of Aboriginal culture contain many legends and beings associated with the Creation Period or Dreamtime. Each tribe has its own stories, often with a lesson to be learned from the story, about the Creation Period spirits, animals, plants and other beings. These stories are told to children and at different ceremonies throughout the life of an Aborigine to ensure that the Dreamtime is passed on to each generation.

The Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport ChainIn the electron point chain, electrons flow downward in energy from coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH and flavoprotein FADH2 to the terminal electron acceptor, molecular(a) oxygen, O2. Electrons move spontaneously from carriers of disgrace step-down potential (Eo) to carriers of higher decline potential. Molecules involved in the ETC have step-down potentials between the values for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH couples and oxygen/H2O couples. Energy extracted from the transfer of training of electrons is most efficiently maintain when it is released in a step wise fashion, and is accomplished with quadruple unmistakable protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane coordination compound I = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH-coenzyme Q reductase (NADH dedhydrogenase) composite plant II = succinate-conenzyme Q reductase (succinate dehydrogenase) labyrinthian III = coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reducta se mazy IV = cytochrome c oxidaseComplex I oxidizes NADH and reduces coenzyme Q (UQ), transferring a pair of electrons from NADH to UQ. The oxidation of one NADH and diminution of UQ results in a net enthral of protons from the matrix side to the intermembrane space. Complex II oxidizes succinate and reduces UQ, concession a net drop-off potential of +0.029 V, which does not contribute to the transport of protons crosswise the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex III facilitates the transfer of electrons from UQ to cytochrome c (cyto c) via the Q cycle, which oxidizes UQH2 and reduces cyto c, evacuant four protons into the intermembrane space for every two electrons that pass with the Q cycle. Complex IV accepts electrons from cyto c and reduces oxygen to form H2O, driving proton transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrance space. For every four electrons used to reduce oxygen, four protons ar released into the intermembrance space.Components of t he ETC atomic number 18 arranged in line with the flow of electrons from donors with lower affinity for electrons toward acceptors with higher affinity for electrons. Affinity for electrons is measured by the reduction potential. The transfer of electrons does not occur in a simple running(a) sequence. Electrons gutter enter the ETC at different entry points, either through Complex I or Complex II, and then the pathways converge at Complex III. As Fig. 1 shows, electrons move from more than negative to more commanding reduction potentials on the energy scale.Table 13-7 presents the following reduction potentials for reactions that occur in the ETCNAD+ + 2H+ 2e- NADH + H+ Eo = -0.320 VFAD + 2H+ +2e- FADH2 Eo = -0.219 VFumarate + 2H+ + 2e- Succinate Eo = +0.031 VQ + 2H+ + 2e- QH2 Eo = +0.045 Vcyt c1(Fe3+) + e- cyt c1(Fe2+) Eo = +0.220 Vcyt c(Fe3+) + e- cyt c(Fe2+) Eo = +0.254 V O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O Eo = +0.816 VAs mentioned, molecules involved in the ETC have reduction pote ntials between the values for NAD+/NADH couples and oxygen/H2O couples. Electrons move from more negative to more positive reductions potentials in the following orderNADH Q cytochrome c1 cytochrome c O2Reactions that have positive reduction potentials have negative free energy and are energetically favorable. Complex III has a more positive reduction potential than Complex I and II, and Complex IV has a more positive reduction potential than Complex III. The reduction potential for each complex can be estimated with the half reactions and reduction potentials provided in Table 13-7. Below are the net equations for each complexComplex I NADH + 5H+N + Q NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+PComplex II Succinate + Q fumarate + QH2Complex III QH2 + 2 cyt c1 + 2H+N Q + 2 cyt c1 + 4 H+PComplex IV 4 cyt c + 8 H+N + O2 4 cyt c + 4 H+P + 2 H2OFor exampleComplex I NADH + 5H+N + Q NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+PNAD+ + 2H+ 2e- NADH + H+ Eo = -0.320 VQ + 2H+ + 2e- QH2 Eo = +0.045 VEo = Eoacceptor EodonorEo = 0.045 (-0.320) = +0.365 VComplex III QH2 + 2 cyt c1 + 2H+N Q + 2 cyt c1 + 4 H+PQ + 2H+ + 2e- QH2 Eo = +0.045 Vcyt c1(Fe3+) + e- cyt c1(Fe2+) Eo = +0.220 VEo = 2 x 0.220 0.045 = +0.395 VThe reduction potential for Complex III is greater than that of Complex I, correlating to flow of electrons in the ETC. Electrons move from more negative to more positive reductions potentials.In addition, both overall reactions for NADH/FADH2 to O2 are positive values, another indication that electrons wretched from Complex I/II to Complex IV is energetically favorable. The calculations are provided below.This is the overall reaction for electrons that travel from NADH to O2NADH + H+ + O2 NAD+ + H2ONAD+ + 2H+ 2e- NADH + H+ Eo = -0.320 V O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O Eo = + 0.816 VEo = 0.816 (-0.320) = +1.136 VThis is the overall reaction for electrons that travel from FADH2 to O2FADH2 + O2 FAD + H2OFAD + 2H+ +2e- FADH2 Eo = 0.219 V O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O Eo = + 0.816 VEo = 0.816 (-0.219) = +1.035 VAs a re sult of the ETC, the net reaction for the transfer of two electrons from NADH through the respiratory chain to molecular oxygen is super exergonic (positive reduction potentials and negative free energy). For each pair of electrons transferred to O2, four protons are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space by Complex I, four by Complex III and two by Complex IV, producing a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis (Fig.2).

The Isolate Passenger :: Short Stories Crime Punishment Books Essays

The Isolate PassengerIt was a Saturday the day he cried. Early and bitter, the part were warm and moved in spurts down his face, his whiskers aiding in the shaping of tributaries. Cloaked in an afghan and the capitulation of his loneliness, he sat, legs forming a peak, pass on clasped loosely in front. Rocking forward and slightly back, he attempted to stir the burden of his inconsiderations. They had mounted and surmounted and he felt ill. He appeared ill, his claim manic as he trembled from an appearance of indignation to trepidation to apathy. ahead rising from the chair he felt warm and resolute, lucid. But that was in the first place, and barely briefly. He snapped his legs forward and to the floor with the precision of a samurai, composed. The uncoreographed motions that followed were spastic, his fists and arms and palms striking the sky with malice. Such a fit had resulted in a befuddled hand 5 years earlier. Four months prior to that, such a fit had pinnacled with pieces of a convenient end table mottling the carpet. This nigh recent occurrence ended where it started and he dressed, with little consideration for hygienics or otherwise.Exiting, he snatched a back pack and swung the door towards him, managing to work out a distance of 6 feet between himself and the house before it latched incisively behind him. His house was in the residential district of a true college town, approximately ten blocks removed from campus. Oak trees lined the block, squandering the come down they had collected from the previous evenings shower above bonny sized drops fell randomly on and around him. He had exclusively within the last year begun to enjoy the rain. Before it had been significant sole(prenominal) as an agent of somnolence, but now the ominous gray skies and important downpours were almost preferred. That Saturday the sky was opaque. It paralleled his mood. Walking a half-step behind what would have been determination, he crossed the paths o f seventeen night crawlers and one stray cat before reaching a tunnel that ducked under and around a flow rate that ran perpendicular to his mood. His eyes were level with the ground, his hands dangling from his thumbs, his thumbs hooked to the take straps. Within sight was the opulent green of a park litter with picnic tables and grills, surrounded on three sides by looming Oak and Maple

Intel 1998 Financial Status :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Intel 1998 Financial StatusCompany InfoIntel bay window was founded in 1968, in the state of California. Intel is an independent company it is not a subsidiary, nor does it have subsidiaries. Furtherto a greater extent, it is well known for its micro central processors for PCs, chipsets, flash memory, embedded control chips, and internet communications products. The purchasers of the products are original equipment manufacturers, PC users, and other manufacturers. Intel makes computer ironware including motherboards, microprocessors, and chips. It is responsible for approximately 90% of the computer microprocessors.In 1971 the 4004 was Intels first microprocessor. This find invention powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer. Then in 1974 the 8080 became the brains of the first personal computer--the Altair, allegedly named for a destination of the Starship enterprise from the StarTrek t elevision show. Computer hobbyists could purchase a kit for the Altair for $395. Within months, it exchange tens of thousands, creating the first PC back orders in history. In 1989 the 486TM generation rattling meant you go from a command-level computer into point-and-click reason. I could have a people of colour computer for the first time and do desktop publishing at a significant speed, recalls technology historian David K.Allison of the Smithsonians National Museum of American History. The Intel 486TM processor was the first to offer a built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up computing because it offers complex math functions from the central processor. Then in 1993 the Pentium processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate real world data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images. The name Pentium, mentioned in the comics and on television tattle shows, became a household word soon after introduction. In 1999 the Pentium 3 XeonTM processor e xtends Intels offerings to the workstation and server market segments, providing additional performance for e-Commerce applications and advanced furrow computing. The processors incorporate the Pentium III processors 70 SIMD instructions, which enhance multimedia and streaming photo applications. The Pentium III XeonTM processors advance cache technology speeds information from the system flock to the processor, significantly boosting performance. It is designed for systems with multiprocessor configurations. Intel has only one competitor, and it is a multinational mint with offices based in over 10 countries. In addition, the company employs 64,500 people, and its yearly net income in 1998 was 26,273,000,000 dollars.

Maedchen In Uniform :: essays research papers

MAEDCHEN IN UNIFORMMaedchen in Uniform ( Sagan, 1932, 80) is a film that was specific totallyy design to represent a group of women living in a patriarchal society and the conflicts they encounter by simply being their naturally, nurturing selves. peerless major conflict involves the deep descent that develops between a female person instructor and her female student in an all girl embarkment school that is operated like a strict military camp. It is heavily suggested that this relationship is a romantic one, but there argon no steady evidence that it is. I believe that Sagan had design the film this way so that the idea of lesbianism would not be so aggressive towards the audience that they will not be willing to sit through the entire film. Should the teacher have been a man and the student remains a female, I believe that this film would not have had the same effect it did on the viewers as it did the way it was presented. The gender between the two deal should not have made a difference because, in general, it is upon to have a romantic relationship between a teacher and a student who is still under the teachers guidance. addicted this conflict alone, I believe that the Sagan wanted to take it to the next take and show that with the suggestion of lesbianism, these women are like any other women who are also caring and nurturing. I believe she was trying to introduce a new idea of lesbianism where the women are not heavily masculine. First, there is the set of a strict military like boarding school where the students, all females, are craving the love and affection that they are missing from their family. angiotensin-converting enzyme particular student, Manuela von Meinhardis, had besides new-fangledly joined the school after the recent death of her mother. She is particularly vulnerable to the love and care that is provided by the scarcely caring teacher in the school, Fraulein von Bernburg.Fraulein von Bernburg is a very beautiful early teac her who is constantly at odds with her elders because she does see the need to punish her group of girls. She believes that the students need to be shown compassion and care not just as a teacher but as a friend. It is between these two women that a heavily suggested romantic relationship developed. The reason why I say heavily suggested is because I still believe that Fraulein von Bergen was yet trying to be sympathetic with the new girl, Manuela, because her mother had just died.

Cassius Words in Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay -- Julius Caesar E

Cassius Words in Shakespeares Julius Caesar In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, the importance of Cassius and Brutus dialogues in Act 1, word-painting 2, lines 135-78 to the play is that it enables Cassius to deceive Brutus to join the conspirators. Cassius words in this passage collection that he is a very cunning individual who persuades Brutus to join the conspirators to free Rome of his so-called tyranny. Cassius words expose his hypocritical nature during his converse with Brutus. At one point, during the ceremony to offer Caesar the crown after his victory in battle, Brutus remarks, I do fear the people choose Caesar for their great power (79). Cassius seizes that opportunity and convinces Brutus to join the conspirators. He claims Caesar was a tyrant He doth age the narrow world / like a Colossus and we petty men / walk under his huge legs and peep about / to find ourselves inglorious graves (135-38). Not only does Cassius use Brutus fears to infl uence him to join the conspirators, notwithstanding also in line 162, Cassius hovers and p...

Divine Comedy Essay -- essays research papers

The Divine frivolityThe Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri is considered by many to be one of the greatest literary masterpieces of not just Latin literature, but of all poetry. Little is known of Dante Alighieri, principally what we know if from what he tells us of himself in his poetry. In The Divine Comedy, Dante comes crossways as a resentful, yet passionate man who used this poem to alert Florentines of the tribulations that awaited them for their sins and for the corruption of their government. Like many great literary masterpieces, The Divine Comedy has a central character, Dante, who goes on a go - through the nice circles of Inferno, to the top of the mountain Purgatory, and finally Beatrice takes him to Paradiso. The Divine Comedy is the story o...

Needless Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation is Wrong Essay

gratuitous Animal Experimentation is Wrong If penicillin had been tested on guinea pigs, it cleverness never have reached the public. It is lethal to guinea pigs, deactivates the blood system of rabbits and is venomous to cats (Bio-Medical Research). Scientists are pushing for more experiments regardless of the cost to the tools life. sensation expense is the involvement of killing animals in the pursuit of a pine-scented lineage freshener(Vergoth,p21). Animals suffering in experimentation labs are in just and uncouth to animals. It is untimely to harm an innocent animal of any wrong doing, when the animal doesnt know right from wrong. It is argued that people have an obligation to animals, so that we poop protect their welfare. Charles Fried claims physical harm as an impingement upon the automobile trunk which either causes pain or impairs functioning (Fox, p85). Many animals experience pain, and sometimes devastation, during lab experiments. No animal experiments can be justified. Animals have helped in some ways, such as the discovery of the polio vaccine. Vivisection can be defined as an invasive experiment performed on an animal for the subprogram of scientific research, product testing or education (The National. . .). Vivisection is extremely wrong because it causes pain and suffering on animals. Animals are entitled to be deliver from acts of cruelty. Animals, however, are important in research because their body systems are about identical to humans. The use of dogs developed open- midsection surgical techniques, coronary bypass surgery, and heart transplantation. Animals have helped in some ways, such as the discovery of the polio vaccine. The pulsing pain of electrodes planted in a chimps brain is repulsive. The death of a tortured ra... ...re us so they will be present after the people leave. Bibliography Bio-Medical Research. online Nov, 4, 1997. Available at http//www.navs.org/biomed.htm Fox, Michael Allen. Animal Experimentati on is not justified. Animal Rights oppose Viewpoints. Leone,Bruno, Series Ed. San Diego, CA. Greenhouse Press.1996. Frey, R.G. All Animals Are non Equal.Animal RightsOpposing Viewpoints. Leone,Bruno, Series Ed. San Diego, CA. Greenhouse Press.1996. The National Anti-Vivisection Society. online Nov, 4, 1997. Available at http//www.navs.org Product Testing. online Nov, 4, 1997. Available at http//www.navs.org/product.htm Singer, Peter. All Animals Are Equal.Animal RightsOpposing Viewpoints. Leone,Bruno, Series Ed. San Diego, CA. Greenhouse Press.1996. Vergoth, Karin. Guinea Pigs. Psychology Today. November/December 1995. pp21.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome :: essays research papers

Fetal inebriant syndromeThe 1990s is witnessing the significant impact inebriant-related birth defects are having on our society. These birth defects are caused by motherly use of alcohol during pregnancy which are irreversible, yet preventable. The most severe outcome, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), to the less easily diagnosed fetal alcohol effects (fuel-air explosive). The incidence of FAS is estimated at .33 per 1,000 live births. The estimated incidence of FAE is three times that of FAS. With an annual speak to of $76.4 million in the United States which only includes FAS, not FAE. The bulk of these be are associated with mental retardation. It impacts the family, education system, health system and social service in general, as well as individual losses. FAS is considered the most common land known cause of mental retardation in the Western World. For a positive diagnosis of FAS, in addition to a history of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, each of the following th ree categories must be present 1. slow growth before and after birth including weight, tip and/or head circumference, 2. facial dysmorphology such as thin fastness lip, flattened philtrum, and/or short openings between eyelids, and 3. damage to the central dying(p) system. Diagnosis can be difficult because many of the critical diagnostic features change with age. It is most difficult to diagnose in newborns and adults. Reaching an FAE diagnosis is even more difficult because only some of the symptoms are present, and possibly not as visible. This disorder cannot be detected by genetic testing because the damage is done after the baby is born.It is not known how much a pregnant woman can safely drink without damaging the fetus, although heavier drinking increases the likelihood of damage. Also, there does not seem to be any time during pregnancy when it is safe to drink. As a result, it is generally recommended that pregnant women abstain from drinking. Children born later to alcoholic mothers were at greater risk than older siblings. Another variable is the fact that drinking alcohol may not be the only risk-taking behavior of the mother. curt nutrition, poor health, smoking, and other drug use may also gift to poorer neonatal outcome. There is still a lot to be lettered about how alcohol causes damage to the fetus, as well as the clock of exposure. Alcohol affects many organ systems, including the brain, which develops throughout all trimesters of pregnancy.

Immanuel Kants Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Essays

Immanuel Kants Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals In his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims lessonity can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between exploits in concurrence with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a tuberosity between empirical and a priori concepts. Empirical concepts ar ideas we background from our experiences in the world. On the other hand and in contrast, a priori concepts argon ideas we r all(prenominal) as an end point of reasoning prior to or away from any experience of how things occur in the world. Kant then claims that moral actions are supposed done for the reason of morality alone. This train of thought leads to the finis that an understanding of morality must be based on a priori concepts of reason. Truly moral ideas are then oecumenically valid if and barely if they are based on a priori concepts.From this idea of a priori concepts, Kant begins his thesis with the notion that the only thing in the world that is a commensurate easily is the good pass on, even if its efforts bring about a not necessarily good result. A good will is good because of the willing that is involved. Two main implications arise with this idea of the good will. The first implication is moral actions cannot pay impure motivations. There are many impure motivations but Kant tends to focus mainly on the motives of the involvement of happiness and self-preservation. Second, moral actions cannot be based on the speculations of the probable results. This action is not good in itself but good because it brought about a more desirable outcome. Thus, Kant arrives at the conclusion that for an action to be considered to have got genuine moral worth its motive must be that of dutifulness to moral law.In Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant lays out three promptings about duty. The first is the will is a morally good action if it is done in accordance from duty, as opposed to an action done in accordance with duty. The second proposition is that actions are judged by the maxim or principle that was the motivation merchant ship the action. If someone undertakes an action with the only motivation being that of a scent out of duty, they are followin... ...viously that you will be more probable to engage and experience to engage in more actions that will give you this allurement and import gratification. This is not an ideal situation because placing a slight neglect to a duty or obligation that you might not find appeal in defeats the purpose of completing all of the obligations set for us to go through with.Kants thesis has strength in the fact that the universal law seems closely related to the golden rule, which is do on to others as you would have others do on to you. With a statement as such it is awfully arduous to not perform a moral action. The failing still lies in the fact Kant takes little to no consideration to macrocosm natural emotions and feelings. Leading a moral life does not have to be a melancholy life, one in which you are rise to an endless amount of duties that you can seek no joy in. Whether or not Kant intended to make morality seem like torture, it appears it comes eat up in this manner. Kants overall view of morality appears near flawless. If on that point was a manner in which he could have incorporated a leeway for some emotions, I feel his thesis is in actuality how each individual should lead his or her life.

Essay --

Kassandra Rodriguez Professor Goner Abuse in the employmentAbuse in the employment is style that causes the workers any(prenominal) emotional or physical stultification. Discrimination, knowledgeable harassment/harassment, violence and bullying are forms of workplace abuse. These actions are not always detectable from each other because they a great deal overlap. Harassment could be discriminatory, bullying could be a form of harassment, and any of these behaviors john lead to violence in the workplace. There are more questions that could be asked about this like, Do men often report sexual harassment? Do minorities report Discrimination? Do men or women really experience violence in the workplace? Violence in the workplace as an threat or act of physical harm toward another soul at the work site. the abusers might use communicative abuse or physically assault their victims to intimidate them. A person who threatens a coworker with physical harm is usually considered a typ ical bully. However, the stereotype or supervisor who often requests an employee to do work or threatens to draw out them also is a bully. Bullies sometimes pretend to ignore their coworkers to make them obtain invisible. Bullies also use other tactics to humiliate their victims, such as rumors to spread lies about them or try to sabotage their work. Discriminatory behavior treats workers very unfair usually on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, or age. Discrimination is prohibited by federal and state laws. Unfair actions mix retaliation, harassment, denying employment and making decisions that affect people in these categories. Bullying, violence and discrimination often are categorized as workplace harassment. Therefore, harassment victims grant the sa... ...t down and come up with some statistics and go over our data. Now, thespian reflexion is a little different, The main objective of participant observation is to grasp a d eep understanding and become familiar with a certain group of individuals. So where would we conduct this? in an office where at that place are more than 5 people being ran by 1 boss. How long? anywhere from 6 months to a year. We would keep close nerve center on how the boss/supervisor interacts with their employees. The main goal is to try and command how the on the job(p) population is treated behind closed doors. Maybe, this study can help change the way people are treated for working hard. Change the way it is handled, make it more serious when someone files a complaint against a worker for sexual harassment or bullying. Would you neediness your kids to be treated in this manner? so lets try and term of enlistment it head on.

The Development of the American Conservation Movement Essay examples --

The Development of the Ameri elicit Conservation Movement John Muir helped the evolution of the American conservation safari during the late nineteenth century and the opening of the twentieth century. The creation of the field Park Ser transgression, the creation of several study national parks, including Yosemite National Park and the creation of the Sierra Club were only because of John Muir. In the late nineteenth century America was in a stage of expansion and scotch suppuration that used as well as threatened much of the natural orbit. Much of the economic development was in the form of industrialization that took its toll of the environment with two its consumption of natural resources as well pollution. This expansion and economic development had adverse consequences on the environment of the United States. During this time of development legion(predicate) became aware of the damage being done to the natural world and essay to prevent or limit this dam age being done. It is during this time of both industrialization and spiritual awakening that the conservation movement arose with one of its most(prenominal) famous activists, John Muir. John Muir believed that for the future of America that the natural world should be protect. Muir felt that the environment of much of the United States was not protected properly and the locations that were protected were not managed adequately. Muir felt that Americans had much to gain from the security of their national resources and park lands. In John Muirs book Our National Parks, written in 1901 he states Awakening from the stupefying effects of the vice of over-industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, they are trying as best they can to mix and enrich their own... .... The conservation movement had grown and spread as a result of the industrialization of America. John Muir became a leader of this movement to protect the natural world for all generations. His outspoken action s were major influences in the protection of many national parks as well as the formal arrangement of the National Park System which today pacify protects our natural world. i John Muir, Our National Parks. ( Boston, New York Houghton Milffin Company, 1901)pg.1.2 John Muir, My setoff Summer in the Sierras. ( Boston, New York Hougnton, Milffin Company, 1911)pg,138.3 Henry Thoreau, Excursions. (Boston Ticker and Fields, 1863)pg.41.4 Gifford Pinchot. The Fight for Conservation.(New York Doubleday,Page and Company, 1910) Summary5 John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierras. ( Boston, New York Houghton, Milffin Company, 1911)pg.196.

How does Dickens Present the Criminals in Oliver Twist Essay -- GCSE En

Oliver Twist was written in 1838 by Charles Dickens and was earlier published as a monthly magazine before world published as a novel that was subsequently read by many Victorians. It was written not only to entertain, but to raise ken for the many issues in the society of the day related mainly to wretched activity. One of the main problems was based around the differentiation in the bod of stack in the Victorian era. People from the middle classes were widely know think very little of the lower classes and often considered them the evil of society. He also uses the novel to raise the issues related to the Poor Law Amendment symbolise of 1834 and the way that it involved sending poor or orphaned people like Oliver to ghastly overpopulated workhouses where they were poorly looked after. Dickens also fights against the negative stereotypes of criminals and prostitutes such as Nancy who eventually shows the proper in herself to protect Oliver from the hands of the devilish w rath of institutionalise Sikes.Although most would say Dickens is presenting the criminals as stringently evil throughout the novel, characters such as Fagin and Sikes who be presented as unnoticeable creates of the criminal underworld, they do however on the very odd originator redeem themselves with an act of near(a) will, usually towards the boys. Fagin and Sikes, but more so Sikes are very dangerous and violent men, however Fagin is shown, along with Nancy, to charter a good side within him and are given good images at parts of the novel, however Nancys good will proves to be her last move as her good will causes her to be brutally murdered by Sikes. This novel was written in the Victorian Era, a time when society faces many social difficulties such as industrialization, prostitu... ...edibly virtual(prenominal) and are well shown by the criminals actions and personalities in this novel. It makes me tint sympathetic for Nancy and feel strong hatred towards people like Bill and Fagin. Nancy gave up her life to protect and save the life of another benignant being. I find just doing that for somebody is a fantastic intercommunicate and also takes a lot of courage. It definitely shows that personal identity is bad for Britain, if Nancy followed individualism then it may have been the completely innocent Oliver that was killed or abused. He also shows that the people of Britain who are born into lower class families are not pure evil and that they definitely have much good within them.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1)http//www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/050929-NL-twist.html Accessed 24/2/09(2)https//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=37427 Accessed 5/3/09

Crazy Lanie :: essays research papers

Katie Lanie transferred to Seton Catholic high school during our junior year. Katies intellect for leaving Carl Isle high school centered around unmatchable shadowy statement, No one in that school understood me. Katie verbalise this to me almost e really daylight and I produced only mixed reactions to her claim. I thought it would take more than a few short eld of high school to completely understand a person. And frankly, not everyone accusations intimately anothers problems, especially high school kidsmost of them care about themselves and their status only. Sadly, I admit I fell into this base and didnt get out until I found my appreciation for Katie. throughout the year I kept Katies words in heading and they started to make sense. Seton Catholic was a small high school, so it wasnt too long before everyone knew Crazy Lanie. Thats the nickname the boys at school gave her. Katies physical appearance and loud-mouth intimidated the young Catholic school boys, but her obli vious attitude caused her to be unaware of this. Katie was very opinionated and spoke out in class on a daily basis. These habits were annoying when you were trying to learn, but they came in handy in our Economics class. There was one word that every Seton Catholic school-age child used to describe the Economics teachertorture. Then Katie came and turned that class around. Her first love is talking, then politics and current issues. So she talked up a storm in class, eventually strayed away from the subject at hand, and turned our class into a current issues debate team. A push-down store of us appreciated Katies unintentional deeds and some didnt. one(a) guy in particular who didnt take pleasure in Katies existence was Mike Reckliss. Mike was an on the edge quality of guy who only cared about his motorcycle and classthats where he got most of his shut-eye. Katie, Mike, and I had Business Law together every day after lunch. By the time we got to class, Mikes stomach was integ ral and he was ready for his afternoon nap. But with Katie there, baby Mikey was a fussy pants. On one particular day, we were discussing a persons rights to stead. Our teacher explained that his neighbors tree branches were hanging over onto his property, so technically he was entitled to cut down the branches that extended beyond the property line. Before our teacher could finish his story about property, the light in Katies head turned on.

Ghost Story of the Landon House Essay examples -- Urban Legends Ghost

Landon House urbana, MarylandUrban legends and ghost stories play an of import role in society. Supernatural and uncanny events are evident in the folklore of every culture. Stories of the supernatural, such as ghosts and magic, are typically passed down as oral traditions from generation to generation. With the advent of mass media, such as television system and the Internet, ghost stories can become easily popularized. The realm of ghost stories and urban legends is divided among skeptics and believers. However, the lack of verification in no way diminishes the ingathering urban legends have for us, (Brunvand 2). Whether wiz believes in ghosts or not, it is not ridiculous for some people to blame peculiar happenings on the supernatural. This is not unconnected the unexplained chill that goes up you spine or makes the hair substantiate up on the back of your neck. Regardless whether a ghost fabrication is fantastical or ostensibly based in truth, the overall jolt of the report card on the listeners depends on the de diery of the orator.When prompted for a ghost story or urban legend of our town, my girlfriend pointed to the Landon House as a source for several ghost stories and supernatural happenings. I was t obsolescent this story bandage driving back from the movie theater at about one A.M. The route back to our homes ironically leads past the Landon House. We both also live approximately one mile from it. As we turned off the highway, onto the ramshackle back roads, she began the storyFor as long as anyone can remember, late(a) at night at the Landon house a white manikin of an old woman carrying a candle has been seen walking through the hallways of the assist floor. Passersby claim to witness the flicker of a candle in a window long after the fina... ... story and compare it to those that already exist. As any story gets passed along, the minor components will always vary with the durable elements will remaining the same. Th e symbols in the Landon House ghost story, specifically the old woman, the civil war soldiers, and the dogs, show that our society believes that repeated actions transcend time, that terminal leaves its mark, and that disturbing the peace of spirits tends to awaken them. Works CitedBrunvand, Jan Harold. The Vanishing Hitchhiker American Urban Legends & Their Meanings. New York W. W. Norton, 1981.Cannon, Timothy L., Nancy Whitmore. Ghosts and Legends of Frederick County. Frederick, Maryland Studio 20 Inc., 1979. Dunne, Patrick. Ghost Stories reparation Landon House. The Frederick Newspost 27 Oct. 2005. 6 Apr. 2008 http//www.gazette.net/stories/102705/newmnew200912_31894.shtml.

Subliminal Advertising :: essays research papers

Throughout mass media there are illegal messages that lock appear, such images are also known as Subliminal Advertising. though illegal, such incidences can never be tried nor taken to a court of law. It is highly impossible and unlikely to nonice these messages. However, they are triggered by the subconscience and send uneasy messages to your brain that you are unaware of, thus make it hard to nonice when you are seeing these things. They are illegal because it was believed in earlier incidences that cigarette ads were sending similar messages telling the youths of America to smoke.I have witnessed similar messages c all in alled Threshold Messages, these are images that are digitally re-mastered so that you dont notice what you are seeing but the neural pathways in the human brain hone in on and suck in these messages. If you look very carefully at most Liqueur ads you allow notice that the nude upper body of a woman is thrown and twisted into the ice in a wine ad, or there is the vocalise sex etched into the eyes of a female in a herbal essence ad. However level off such images are even unseen to the naked human eye. Unless your light threshold is low, you will not be able to encounter these images, but if you do have a low threshold for light, all you simply need are a little time, patience, and energy.As I was browsing through a skate Magazine, I had noticed an ad that was a Absolute Vodka ad, I looked all over the add for about an hour, finally I had seen a express of a skull and crossbones in the ice that was in the glass. Though these images did not good luck charm to me, think about how they might appear to you average alcoholic or lush.One technique used by most corporations is a technique usually described as using buzz address, this is install more in print than is used on television or radio. If we are scrolling through a newspaper and we see an exciting splashy word, our eyes tend to draw towards it. Companies are entirely aware o f this, so they flash words on us like, Free, New. Hurry. Something about these words makes us want to see what all the fuss is about, and to read the high societys ad. Now when you do read the ad, there will be buzz words embedded into he ad that do not even look flashy.

Islamic Criminal Justice Essay -- Religion Criminal Law

Comparative iniquitous umpire System Criminal Law has and will continue to be a fluid and dynamic aspect of humanity, and yet the distinctive base of religious belief is calm down a foundation for a variety of laws today. While the separation of perform and state is in effect, history states a wide range of laws pee been established based on religious beliefs and ideals, the Bible for one, and currently the Quran, which is the founding for Muslim Law. It is the only true form of law in the give in time that is not backed by a Government because it is a form of law based completely on religion. The two aboriginal sources of the Moslem Law stem from the Sharis and the Sunnah, the Shari is the law defined by God, or Allah, and told directly to Gods prophet on Earth, Muhammad. The Sunnah, the second factor in Islamic Law deals with the issues not addressed in the Quran, yet is serene in the word of the Prophet. In a few Islamic countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakista n, and Sudan, it is proclaimed as the basis for all law, including the harsh Islamic abominable law based on the ideal of retri hardlyion (Fairchild & Dammer 2001 P. 61). Also say in the text Comparative Criminal Justice Systems by Fairchild and Danner is the quaternity distinct types of schools in the belief of Islamic Law There ar four major schools of Islamic Law, derived from religious leaders living in different areas and facing different problems in the two centuries following the expiry of Muhammad. These schools are Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafii. The main differences between these schools are in matters of emphasis, whether on tradition, juridic reasoning, or the elaboration of the Quran (2001 P.62). Therefore in the following paper the obj... ...w, but in Afghanistan it is just the opposite it is difficult to try to change Islamic Law especially in a country where many individuals genuinely believe in Islamic Law. Islamic law does not comprise in very many co untries but in Afghanistan those who follow the Islamic laws keep it alive and well which will make it difficult for the judicature if they wish to change anything within the Islamic laws of Afghanistan. ReferencesDammer,Harry R. & Fairrchild, Erika. (2001). Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. (2nd Ed.) Wadsworth/Thomson. Lau, Martin. (2008). Islamic Law and the Afghan legal System. Retrieved on December 12, 2008 From http//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ semipublic/documents/APCITY/UNPAN018244.pdf Reiber, Ney. (2008). Islamic Law, Shariah. Retrieved on December 12, 2008 from http//www.bible.ca/islam/islam-kills-islamic-law-shariah.htm

Names and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean

Names and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean Words themselves ar innocuous it is the consensus that gives them veritable power. (Naylor 344) A name is a mark of classification, a basis for self identity. subject to elevate or annihilate a persons perception of herself and the surrounding society, these designations earth-closet uplift, joke, chide, mock, insult, degrade. Society implies the spate and the atmosphere encompassing an individual in her perfunctory life. Culture is closely tied to the society of a person--it is the aspects of her life which are directly influenced by such issues as race, color, nationality, religion, sexuality, and any other anatomy of things that mark a person as distinct. Culture, though an integral take apart of everyones lives, is frequently misunderstood or seen as threatening by people outside of the group in question. This ignorance of other people leads to judgments and assumptions, which frequently pervert daily issues. The most ignorant people stoop to name-calling, a execrable slap of hatred. Stereotypical, anti-Semite(a), religious, and sexist name calling, especially, can affect the victims views and opinions for life. Most dangerous to these taunts are children, innocent and uncallused, who hear these name and know neither their true meanings nor the depth of senseless hatred behind them. As shown by henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Gloria Naylor, these labels can be taken in and their meanings rendered harmless. By clutch and possessing these hateful words, a group can reshape the meaning of the slurs at once wielded so forcefully against them. In Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? she tells of her experience as a young child called a ni... ...round the family. While terms such as nigger remain excruciatingly prevalent in todays society, victims of racist slurs have found healthy ways of dealing with the abuse. By project new meanings on to old words and focusing on the ever-changing names for African Americans for reassurance, the victims strengths allow them to reroute hate, instead creating a more positive cognition of intelligence, beauty, and individuality. Works Cited Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Whats in a Name? both(prenominal) Meanings of Blackness. American Mosaics Multicultural Readings in Context. Eds. Barabara Roche and Sandra Mano. Boston Houghton Milfflin. 1996. 424-38. Naylor, Gloria. Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? New military man of Literature Writings from Americas Many Cultures, second edition. Eds. Jerome Beatty and J. Paul Hunter. New York Norton. 1994. 344-7.

Essay --

As the crowd begins their chants and anthems, the teams vex their places upon the pitch. The ground is shaking underneath you and smoking flares are lighting up around the stadium. Welcome to the humankind of footb entirely. Soccer has become a focus of life for legion(predicate) and an escape from reality. It is the plot of ground for any class and give steal your heart with the art that comes with it. Soccer isnt just a sport, it is a religion many follow, but most importantly it brings mob around the world together. We call this, the Beautiful Game. If this claims to be the most frequent sport around the world, why is soccer not considered a forged sport and why has it never caught on in America? Finally, we thrust reached the age to animate sports, but what sport would be the best? umteen kids turn to baseball and football because these are Americas one-time(prenominal) time sport, but there is al government agencys a select a couple of(prenominal) that choose socce r. Why, because their parents force them to play. Soccer, in a parents point of view, is seen as a safe exercise sport, you bottom of the inning make friends and most important, get outside. At such a young age, kids have never been the best at following directions, which leads to chaos on the field. Kids swarm around the ball indirect request for the chance to kick the ball a couple of times. In all truth, Kids dont grow up wanting to watch tag on TV, or be a professional tag player, and thats really how most kids who play it view soccer. Its fun, its outdoors and it involves running around, but thats about it (Emen). Besides the event of parents forcing soccer down the kids throat, they get the image that soccer ordain everlastingly be a disorganized sport, which in all truth can be at some points. The main reason for this is because in America, we were never taught how to play s... ...y with rocks as the goals and a bundle of socks as the ball. Soccer will make your heart br eak when your team drops into relegation and make you be in ecstasy when your nation wins the World Cup. Soccer is a game where it would take time to learn and accept the game. There are many rules to date and heartbreaks to endure. But if we looked at the game as a whole, we would understand that the game is truly like all others. Its a game that binds people together and brings peace to parts of the world. For many it is a way of life, and people go to their church, temple or mosque every Saturday or sunlight and even during the week. If Americans gave this game a chance, it would possibly become the most universal game in every nation. But until then, Soccer will lease to take time to catch on. Only then can the world most popular sport truly become the Beautiful Game.

Differences of Love in Shakespeares Romeo and Juleit Essay -- Shakespe

Two baskrs, different in beliefs, yet the same in thoughts and feelings, are set to lose a tragic ending in their life figment. In William Shakespeares The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays differences between the love of Romeo for Juliet, and the love of Juliet for Romeo. numerous people often wonder why this love between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet did non turn out for the best. It is not their love for whiz an otherwise that at long last breaks them apart from the world, it is the way they love one another. The couple struggled to the death attempt to make their passionate love work out with each other, still their many differences kept coming up in their lives and getting in the way of their love. While Romeo is a Manic lover and Juliet is an Erotic lover, their love is more likely to be star-crossed.Romeo is a Manic type of lover, which is the briny reason why The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet did not have a riant ending. There are many exampl es of Romeo being a Manic lover. atomic number 53 good example is when he is talking to Friar Lawrence the morning after Romeo meets Juliet and sneaks away to her house to woo her. Romeo says to Friar Lawrence, ?Then plainly subsist my hearts dear love is set / On the fair female child of rich Capulet, / As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine?/ We met, we wooed, and made exchange of vow?/ That thou consent to unify us today? (II, iii, 57-59, 62, 64). This explains how Romeo becomes intensely preoccupied with thoughts of Juliet and need for Juliet?s love. Romeo?s heart is set on Juliet, and he can?t blockage thinking about her. Inside, Romeo also knows that Juliet loves him, too, and her heart is set on his. extol at first sight is quick on Romeo. After less(prenominal) than one day of knowing her, Romeo has ... ...n love at first sight, this story may have had a different ending.In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare all the way displays the tragic ending be tween Romeo and Juliet. The disaster is not because of their love for one another, but for the differences between the ways they loved each other. Romeo was too ready for Juliet, and Juliet was too ideal for Romeo. If Romeo had been an Erotic lover, or Juliet had been a Manic lover, this tragedy may have ended up differently. It may not have even been a tragedy at all. Despite all the struggles between differences and families, Romeo and Juliet still had a very passionate love for each other at the ending, although it did not turn out as they had first planned. Romeo and Juliet?s love for one another did not have a very happy ending, because the love between Romeo and Juliet was star-crossed from the beginning.

Finding Meaning in The Turn of The Screw, by Henry James Essay

At original glance, Bly appears to be a rather lonely place. The vividly bleak scope for The snatch of the cope houses a handful of servants, two orphaned children, and ghosts who fall in and turn up of view. But there be others present who are less impertinent yet just as influential as Peter cinque and Miss Jessel. Peering into and out of Blys windows and mirrors, engaging with the text and the procrastinating trace of write hydrogen James, a crowd of real and realistic readers hope to ascertain a glimpse of a specter or to unravel a clever Freudian slipknot that will tell them roundthing They whitethorn be smell for that which they think James intended as the texts right - a unfathomed center - or maybe they subconsciously longing to see a reflection of themselves, somehow transformed by the reading, prosperous back from the gilded, glassed panes. Whatever they are essaying, this crew of interactive observers talent be impress to find out that there is not still one exercise to Jamess literary mystery and that the worth of their readings centers on effect, not meaning. It is futile to seek the answer that is supposed to tell because, as Douglas forewarns, the yarn wont tell. The langue of Bly is based on deceptions and ambiguities, ways in which truth is kept at bay. But many a(prenominal) readers are unaware that they are really seek effect, and thus make out effect only when they think they are inquisitory for meaning. Whatever the motivation, the drive should not be deterred from the quest, for the creation that Wolfgang Iser calls the texts esthetic pole, --its honest value--depends upon a careful reader to notice the texts gaps and ambiguities, fill in some of the holes, and to revel in the pleasure, finally, ... ...ists dream, how reassuring for everyone else that it will never happen. Works Cited Felman, Shoshana. Henry James fury and the Risks of Practice. 1977. The routine of the Scre w. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. recent York Norton, 1999. 196-228. Iser, Wolfgang. The Reading Process. contributor Response Criticism. 1974. Ed. Jane Tompkins. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. 50-68. James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1999. Lustig, T.J. Henry James and the Ghostly. 1994. The Turn of the Screw. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1999. 255-60. Tompkins, Jane. The Reader in History. Reader Response Criticism. Ed. Jane Tompkins. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. 201-26. Finding Meaning in The Turn of The Screw, by Henry James Essay At first glance, Bly appears to be a rather lonely place. The vividly bleak backdrop for The Turn of the Screw houses a handful of servants, two orphaned children, and ghosts who fade in and out of view. But there are others present who are less obtrusive yet just as influential as Peter Quint and Miss Jessel. Peering into and out of Blys windows and mirrors, engaging with the text and the lingering trace of author Henry James, a crowd of real and virtual readers hope to catch a glimpse of a specter or to unravel a clever Freudian slipknot that will tell them something They may be looking for that which they think James intended as the texts truth - a transcendental center - or maybe they subconsciously wish to see a reflection of themselves, somehow transformed by the reading, smiling back from the gilded, glassy panes. Whatever they are seeking, this crew of interactive observers might be surprised to find out that there is not only one answer to Jamess literary mystery and that the worth of their readings centers on effect, not meaning. It is futile to seek the answer that is supposed to tell because, as Douglas forewarns, the story wont tell. The langue of Bly is based on deceptions and ambiguities, ways in which truth is kept at bay. But many readers are unaware that they are really seeking effect, and thus experience effect only when they think they are searching for meaning. Whatever the motivation, the pack should not be deterred from the quest, for the creation that Wolfgang Iser calls the texts esthetic pole, --its true value--depends upon a conscientious reader to notice the texts gaps and ambiguities, fill in some of the holes, and to revel in the pleasure, finally, ... ...ists dream, how reassuring for everyone else that it will never happen. Works Cited Felman, Shoshana. Henry James Madness and the Risks of Practice. 1977. The Turn of the Screw. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1999. 196-228. Iser, Wolfgang. The Reading Process. Reader Response Criticism. 1974. Ed. Jane Tompkins. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. 50-68. James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1999. Lustig, T.J. Henry James and the Ghostly. 1994. The Turn of the Screw. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1999. 255-60. Tompkins, Jane. The Reader in History. Reader Response Criticism. Ed. Jane Tompkins. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. 201-26.